❞ مذكّرة Summary of English language lessons ❝

ملخص دروس اللغة الإنجليزية

تأليف: ياسين للأبد

      ملخص دروس اللغة الإنجليزية

      تأليف:

      ياسين للأبد

     
ملخص اللغة الإنجليزية lessonsCondition
يمكنك أن تستقل سيارتي شريطة أن
 
كنت
لا
 يلحق الضرر به. (فقرة رئيسية) (فقرة ثانوية)
المعنى: سأعيرك سيارتي بشرط ألا تتلفها.
الفعل في المستقبل

verb in present simple
Wishes
Present wish: (wish, past simple) Example: I wish I spoke Italian. (I don't speak Italian.) Present wish expresses an imaginary situation impossible to happen. If only
=
 wish Past wish: (wish, past perfect) Example: I wish I
hadn’t eaten
 so much. (I ate a lot.)Past wish expresses a regret about a situation happened in the past. Future wish: (wish, would
+
 
stem (a verb without “to”))
Example: I wish I would stop smoking. Can
=
 could (You are smoking at the moment and it is annoying me.)Future wish expresses impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action. Wish
=

+
 verb in past simple
Had better 
Had better is used to express adviceHad better
=
 should
=
 ought to Had better
+
 
stem (a verb without “to”)
 Example: you had better work hard to pass your final exam. Negative form: Had
 better not +stem (a verb without “to”)
. Example: you look tired, you had better not go to schooltoday.
Result
Expressing results we use:
-Subject
+
 verb
+
 so
+
 adjective
+
 that
+
 the rest of the sentence. Example: copies of brand are so cheap that some
consumers don’t hesitate to
 buy them. -Subject
+
 verb
+
 such
+
 a noun phrase
+
 that
+
 therest of the sentence. Example: It was such a good film that I watched ittwice. We canexpress results using other link word:

Cause
Expressing causes: we use:

-
 
Sentence
+

+
 subject
+
 verb
…
Example: - He succeeded in his exam because he had worked hard. - The audience cheered as it was a good play. -
 
Sentence
+

 
+
 noun phrase. Example: - She succeeded in his exam because of her work hard. - I had to ask for help because of thedifficult of the question.

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Summary of English language lessonsModals
These modals express: -

⟼
 Strong obligation
 

 
⟼
 
Prohibition “forbidden”
-

 

 
⟼
 Necessity
 
-

′

′

 

 
⟼
 Lack (absence) of obligation -
 

 


⟼
 Advice
 
-
 
 ⟼
 Remote possibility
(15%)
-
 
 ⟼
 Possibility
(50%)
- 
 
 
 Probability
(80%)
-
 
 
 
⟼
 Certainty
(100%)
 
The “in
 
g” for 
m:
 
As a past of verb called  participle. Examples:
I’m
waiting
, I’m
 playing.

 
As a noun or gerund.
Example: The eating
of GMF’s might harmful.
 

 
As an adjective. Example: This book is more interesting than that one.
Stative (state) & action verb
A state verb: is a verb which describes a states (has not awell defined beginning & the end) Examples: like, agree, believe, dislike, deserve, love, enjoy, prefer, hate, dread, and mind.

A state verb is usually use in the present form

A state verb can’t be progressive
(Continuous
form (“ing” form)).
 An action verb: is a verb which describes an action or anevent (has a specific beginning & the end). Examples: go, stop, come, start, achieve, write, win,Describe, Search, and Replace.

 
An action verb can be used in simple and continuous
form (“ing” form)
 (progressive)
Prefix & suffix
Prefix: it comes before the word and changes its meaning. -
 
OppositesAgree
⟼
 disagree Moral
⟼
 immoral Legal
⟼
 illegal Fair
⟼
 unfair Direct
⟼
 indirect Responsible
⟼
ir responsible Suffix: it comes after the word and changes its form to anadjective, an adverb, a noun, a verb. Exam
 
 ple: -
 
The suffix “
ty
” is added to an adjective to form a noun
. Stupid
⟼
 Stupidity -
 
The suffix “
y
” is
added to a noun to form an adjective.
Spice
⟼
 Spicy Conditionals
We have four types of conditionals:Type zero: T
0
If
+
 Verb in  present simple, Verb in  present simple. Eg: If you heat water, it boils.
 

 
T
0
 is used to describe a general or scientific truth.Type one: T
1
If
+
 Verb in  present simple, verb in future (will
+
 stem)Eg: If she works hard, she will go to university.

 
The situation in T
1
 is possible to happen.Type two: T
2
If
+
 Verb in  past simple, would
+
 stem Eg: If I were you, I would buy a car.

 
The situation in T
2
 is impossible to happen (animaginary situation).

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Summary of English language lessons
Type three: T
3
If
+
 Verb in  past perfect, would have
+
  past participleE
 
g: If I had read the question well, I would have taken the  best mark.

 
The situation in T
3
 is a regret about an event that hadhappened in the past
Quantifiers
-
 
  
for countable nouns.-
 

 for uncountable nouns.-
 

 

 

 for countable & uncountable nouns(both).
=
 
(It’s the
 right quantity).
=

 
(It isn’t the right quantity)
. The excessive and the insufficient of something:An excessive amount:

 
An insufficient amount:
 
Used for & Used to
 
are verbs used to describe purpose and function of objects

 
Used to
+
 stem
(a verb without “to”)
 E
 
g:
It’s used to cut wood.
 

 
Used for
+
 verb
+
ing (gerund) Eg:
It’s used for cutting wood.
 
How …?
 
How: is a word question used for ask about dimension andsize of objects. -
How tall…?
 -
How long…?
 -
How high…?
 -
How far…?
 -
How fast…?
 -
How deep…?
 -
How wide…?
 -
How much…?
 

 HeightHeightHeightDistanceSpeedDepth WidthWeight
Content & structure (function) words
Sentences contain two kind of word: Content words: are necessary and contain the meaning. -
Main verb (play, go, work…).
 -Nouns. -
Adjectives (serious, nice…).
 -
Adverbs (carefully, quickly…).
 -
Demonstratives pronouns (this, that…).
 -Negative
auxiliaries (wasn’t, couldn’t…).
 -Yes, No (auxiliary) questions. -Wh questions. Structure (function) words: they make the sentences correctgrammatically. -
Pronouns (I, he, they…)
. - Prepositions
(on, the, at, to, under…)
. -Articles (a, an, the). -Conjunctions
(but, and, because…)
. -
Auxiliary verbs (is, are, do, have, can…)
.  Note:

Content words are stressed.Structure words are not stressed.
Comparatives & superlatives
Comparatives We must have two elements to compare. -
 
Superiority Short adjectives: adjectives of one syllableAdj
+
 er
+
 than (Eg: she is taller than me.) Long adjectives: adjectives of two or more syllables More
+
 adj
+
 than (Eg: meat is more expensive than chicken.) -
 
Equality As
+
 adj
+
 as (she is as intelligent as her brother.) -
 
Inferiority: Less
+
 adj
+
 than (he is less intelligent than me.)  Not as
+
 صفة
+
 مثل (حديقتنا ليست كبيرة مثل حديقتك). ليس ذلك
+
 صفة
+
 كما

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